THE INTERJECTION

Examine the following sentences:-
Hello! What are you doing there?
Alas! He is dead.
Hurrah! We have won the game.
Ah! Have they gone?
Oh! I got such a fright.
Hush! Don't make a noise.
Such words as Hello! Alas! Hurrah! Ah! etc. are called Interjections.
They are used to express some sudden feeling or emotion. It will be noticed that they are
not grammatically related to the other words in a sentence.
Def:- An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion.
Interjections may express-
(1) Joy; as, Hurrah! Huzza!
(2) Grief; as, alas!
(3) Surprise; as, ha! What!
(4)Approval; as, bravo!
419. Certain groups of words are also used to express some sudden feeling or emotion;
as,
Ah me! For shame! Well done! Good gracious!

Indicative Mood

The Indicative Mood is used:
(1) To make a statement of fact; as,
Rama goes to school daily.
We are taught Arithmetic.
He writes legibly.
Napoleon died at St. Helena.
The child is alive.
(2) To ask a question; as,
Have you found your book?
Are you well?
In each of these sentences the Verb in italics is said to be in the Indicative Mood.

MOOD

Def- Mood is the mode or manner in which the action denoted by the Verb is represented.

The simplest use of a Verb is to make a statement of fact or ask a question ; as,
I write to my brother every week.
Who wrote that letter?
But a Verb may also be used to express a command; as.
Write neatly.
Or a Verb may be used to express a mere supposition ; as,
If I were you, I would not do it.
These different modes or manners in which a Verb may be used to express an action are
called Moods. (Lat. modus, manner.)

There are three Moods in English:-
Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

1. Rama helps Hari.
2. Hari is helped by Rama.
It will be seen that these two sentences express the same meaning.
But in sentence I, the form of the Verb shows that the person denoted by the subject does
something.
Rama (the person denoted by the subject) does something.
The Verb helps is said to be in the Active Voice.
In sentence 2, the form of the Verb shows that something is done to the person denoted
by the Subject.
Something is done to Hari (the person denoted by the Subject.)
The Verb helped is said to be in the Passive Voice.

Def.- A verb is in the Active Voice when its form shows (as in sentence 1) that the person
or thing denoted by the Subject does something ; or, in other words, is the doer of the
action.
The Active Voice is so called because the person denoted by the Subject acts.
Def.- A Verb is in the Passive Voice when its form shows (as in sentence 2) that
something is done to the person or thing denoted by the Subject.

Rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect

When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all Present tenses of the
Direct are changed into the corresponding Past Tenses. Thus:-
(a) A simple present becomes a simple past.
Direct. -- He said, “I am unwell.”
Indirect. -- He said (that) he was unwell.
(b) A present continuous becomes a past continuous.
Direct. -- He said, “My master is writing letters.”
Indirect. -- He said (that) his master was writing letters.
(c) A present perfect becomes a past perfect.
Direct. -- He said, “I have passed the examination.”
Indirect. -- He said (that) he had passed the examination.
Note:- The shall of the Future Tense is changed into should. The will of the Future Tense
is changed into would or should. As a rule, the simple past in the Direct becomes the past
perfect in the Indirect.
Direct. -- He said, “The horse died in the night.”
Indirect. -- He said that the horse had died in the night.
99A. The tenses may not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal
truth. We can often choose whether to keep the original tenses or change them.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

We may report the words of a speaker in two ways:-
(i) We may quote his actual words. This is called Direct Speech.
(ii) We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This is called Indirect
(or Reported) Speech.
Direct. -- Rama said. “I am very busy now.”
Indirect. -- Rama said that he was very busy then.
It will be noticed that in Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact
words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not. It will be further noticed that in
changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect certain changes have been made. Thus:
(i) We have used the conjunction that before the Indirect statement.(The that is often
omitted especially in spoken English)
(ii) The pronoun I is changed to he. (The Pronoun is changed in Person.)
(iii) The verb am is changed to was. (Present Tense is changed to Past.)
(iv) The adverb now is changed to then.

Conversion of Complex sentences to Simple sentences

Complex. -- He said that he was innocent.
Simple. -- He declared his innocence.
Complex. -- That you are drunk aggravates your offence.
Simple. -- Your drunkenness aggravates your offence.
Complex. -- Tell me where you live
Simple. -- Tell me your address.
Complex. - It is a pity that we should have to undergo this disgrace.
Simple. -- Our having to undergo this disgrace is a pity.
Complex. -- It is proclaimed that all men found with arms will be shot.
Simple. -- According to the proclamation all men found with arms will be shot
Complex. -- He remarked how impudent the boy was.
Simple. -- He remarked on the boy's impudence,
Complex. -- How long I shall stay is doubtful.
Simple. -- The duration of my stay is doubtful.
Complex. -- Except that he hurt his hand, he was lucky.
Simple. -- Except for the hurt to his hand, he was lucky.